The 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver has decided, in a divided ruling, that the SEC’s in-house administrative judges are not constitutionally appointed, raising the prospect that the U.S. Supreme Court may need to address the issue. The case is Bandimere v. SEC, 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, No. 15-9586.

The ruling marked a departure from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit which, in August, upheld the SEC's use of in-house judges. The Supreme Court often reviews matters where circuit courts are split.

Administrative law judges are independent from the agencies where they work. Their employing agency can seek their removal, but the Merit Systems Protection Board must review such a move.

Following the 2010 Dodd-Frank law's passage, the SEC relied increasingly on its own judges to oversee cases. Critics call the fast-tracked in-house court unfair to defendants, some of whom have challenged the system in court.

In Bandimere's case, …  the SEC accused him of acting as an unregistered broker from 2006 to 2010 in making sales of securities in 2 entities that enabled Ponzi schemes. He denied wrongdoing. Administrative Law Judge Cameron Elliot in 2013 found Bandimere liable for violating securities laws, barred him from associating with any broker, dealer or investment adviser and ordered him to pay nearly $1.03 million.

But in Tuesday's ruling, U.S. Circuit Judge Scott Matheson said Elliot and the SEC's other 4 in-house judges held their offices in violation of the U.S. Constitution's appointments clause. Writing for the 2-1 majority, Matheson said the SEC's in-house judges were not employees but "inferior officers" who had not as required been appointed by the president, a court or a department head.

The SEC's commissioners, who heard the initial appeal of Elliot's 2013 ruling, previously held the in-house judges were not inferior officers because they issued non-final decisions subject to commission review. But Matheson said that fact "does not transform them into lesser functionaries."

In a dissent, U.S. Circuit Judge Monroe McKay expressed concern the "sweeping" holding had "effectively rendered invalid thousands of administrative actions" through its potential impact on in-house judges at agencies beyond the SEC.